Writting assessmet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writting assessmet - Essay Example He was against the concept of family life that was being developed by the bourgeoisie family whose priority had shifted to wealth from love. This exemplifies the contemporary democratic American family lifestyle as Marx predicted in his Communist Manifesto. 3. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Communist Manifesto sheds light on the different classes created during that period. Clash and exploitation have been the main driving force of the relationship two main classes: The Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat. They both remain at conflict with each other because of their economic disparity as the Bourgeoisie Class is associated with wealth, politics and social power while Proletariat’s only source of power is their ability to work. While there remains a constant strive between the two, the irony was that they could not survive without each other. The Bourgeoisie needed the hard work of the Proletariat while the Proletariat was depended on the money and the work provided by the Bourgeoisie. The Proletariat fought for the power to prevent being exploited. It was perhaps on account of this constant striving that labor unions helped provide some power to the Proletariat during the American Steel Revolution. 4. Schumpeter pointed out that the entire society would be able to take advantage of the upsurge of total output. He further pointed out that it was the lower income status group that would be able to enjoy the most advantage. He attributed this prediction to the fact that as the income increased all over Europe, the buying power would eventually increase and people would be more willing to spend on buying and attaining new products and services. 5. David S. Landes, in his book, points out three principal reasons for increase in the average income of the common man in Europe after the Industrial Revolution. Firstly, machines took over the job of people and skills and mastery was no longer in demand; secondly, the concept of mass production where products were

Waste To Wealth Program Environmental Sciences Essay

Waste To Wealth Program Environmental Sciences Essay Urban and rural areas of India produce so much garbage daily and suffering by many types of pollutions which are increasing very fast in terms of area and environment. Most of households of urban area are not using dustbin or not getting facilities to put their domestic garbage and they through on the road and way. This activity is change into bad habit because of lack of facilities and knowledge. People are suffering from air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution even they involve to through the garbage anywhere. People want their neat and clean environment even they dont know how to get it. In these days people are using plastics and it is become a part of a life, which produce the chemical poisons. Many hazardous waste in urban comes from industries and factories also which are the release so many harmful chemical but another side we have recycle units are converting in the useful elements. In the rural area farmers are also involve to use the chemical fertilizers so land is becoming unproductive land. Another thing plastic products are also dominating in the rural area and cause of degrading land and rural cattle also are eating this thats why cattles death happening in the rural area. Because of environment affect it is necessary to protect and change the behavior of people. We need to change our habits and protect our health, well-being by providing reasonable measures and information for re-use and reducing the consumption of plastics and throwing the garbage outsides. In the cities households are wasting food and plastics and throw on the road and some places and in the colonies and real-states colonies households dont have option to separate their domestic garbage so they use to put in one plastic bag and put on municipal-party garbage-bin. Reducing, reusing, recycling and recovering of waste behavior can make changes our environment. Through this concept it may treating and safely disposing of waste and it is possible to prevent the pollution and ecological degradation. Through the waste our youth can get employment and can promote the economic and social development. In this activity so many people are under the target and focus group, which may become beneficiary and part of this program. In many states have rag-pickers in various places that are involving to collect the garbage and part of our social and economic situation. They are not aware about their health because of financial problem and education. Involve the rag-pickers and unemployed youth, it is possible to promote and ensuring the effective delivery of waste from household and they will pay some amount of services in weekly or monthly. In this service households will get two separate bin for plastics and food wastage and unemployed youth can get employment with through promotion. Food waste should not be waste which can be converting into compost and vermi-compost, and farmers can get bio-fertilizers or manure with low price and collaboration with recycler industries, rag-pickers can get good amount and better living standard. In this program public place and productive land will be clean from waste and secure from contamination. Genetics the problem. Only households are not responsible to create problem even school, colleges mess or canteen, restaurants, hotels, offices and theaters and mandies or markets, these are the things direct throw the garbage outsides. Mostly garbage goes to drainage and dumps the drains which become a cause to create odor and mosquitoes etc. and drainage goes to some water resources and through the harmful chemicals. Harmful chemicals reach to cultivated field through supply channel of water resources and also animals are affecting to drink and human. Many states government have many schemes to control pollution and garbage on the road and they have different system to manage these things through municipal party. In Uttar Pradesh at Kanpur, so many industries are releasing the toxic chemicals in the river, as well as institutions and households are also caused of garbage. Chromium (harmful chemical), which has two forms, trivalent hexavalent and when chromium salts change from trivalent to hexavalent, which depend on the pH, it become poison and cause of cancer. Another thing is cattle and animals who loitering here and there, they are taking garbage as a feed and dying. Grand truck highway to Allahabad at Kanpur has dumping problem of hazardous waste and citizen are suffering from bad odor and dirty place and in the rainy season people use to suffer from dirty water. People do not have safe drinking water and who are taking water from bore-well which is just 100 feet away from sludge heaps along the roadside. Many tones mixed waste comes from city to near rural area of district Lucknow and most of places of side of highway road are covering by garbage. Through the mixed garbage use-full gas can produce and the actual energy balance to see whether the energy plant will be a consumer or producer of power, at enormous cost to the taxpayer. Plant is getting 200-400 tons/day of pure organic waste and 50 percent organic content in mixed waste and in between they are getting banana leaves waste, which is as halting in the plant but they could go for vermi-compost. Many stakeholders are active to manage the waste and they are supporting to implementing agencies (govt. or private). Waste management agencies are getting waste from UP Kisan Mandi Parisad and plant has good source to get waste to produce biogas through gas buffer tank. Here genetic problem means follow the others habits and hierarchical activity. Every people know that if they will throw the garbage on public place, other people will affect including them also. This activity is continuing since many decades and also some effort are using against this activity but people are not aware about it. In the waste management, rag-pickers are playing very important role and they are reducing or make safe place from some poisons, which are the harmful for human. In this nation population is growing very fast and they do not have opportunity to live in proper place and they also encroaching the place and another thing is who will manage the waste releasing by households. Their children are also doing continue same activity, whatever they observe around them, if they do not have knowledge and right place (environment) to live and learn from difficulties. Households are having mentality of use and throw things and they do not want re-use the things. In India we dont have quality technique to recycles the wastes and children of rag pickers family also forced by their parents. They are suffering from some diseases and some harmful things like, metals, needles, infected things etc. before taking food they are not washing hand properly and usually not wearing slippers or shoes. Program components Clean and green environment of urban and rural: Make money (employment) from waste for unemployed poor people: Rural and urban collection centre (program implementation centre) Make better life of rag-pickers: Change the behaviour of people (BCC): Soil rehabilitate by waste compost (organic): Plantation: Collaborate with recycle industries and linkage with different stakeholders: Clean and green environment of urban and rural: Program have some objective to implement this series of steps to be carried out and seeing to sustainability of program it is necessary to good outcome. Where program is going to implement, that context will have some expectation to get better environment. Program will work on both contexts urban and rural which is part of this program and both are very important to implement this program. Program will provide the two types of bin for plastics and decayable. From the urban area, garbage will come to units and it will be convert into vermi-compost or pit-compost so urban area will safe from dirty place and polluted environment and same strategy could be run as well as rural area can get vermi-compost in cheap price for productivity of their land. Make money (employment) from waste for unemployed poor people: In the urban and rural area most of people, specially poor youth are not getting employment, so interested people and youth can get job or employment through this program and in this process without invest that much financial things to make money to produce organic fertilizer as well as clean and green environment. Employee will collect the garbage from household for giving services weekly and they. Rural and urban collection center (program implementation center): For producing the organic fertilizer and separation of recyclable components units to be necessary and whatever material will collect from urban after that it will go to centers for processing of compost and package of plastic to send recycle industries. Centers are main point to decide the all activities of fixed location, from where employee will get their information and delivery of material from households to center. Make better life of rag-pickers: In this program only people are not involve even rag-pickers have good option to join this program. Rag-pickers collect different type of recyclable things. They have good environment to learn many things to improve their skill and knowledge and as well program will change their behavior because they are not aware about their health and suffering from various diseases. Program will provide some classes and protection material to collect garbage. They will get some trainings of how to act before, during and after collect the garbage. Through this program they will get good physical and financial status as well as social also. Change the behavior of people (BCC): Avoiding and reducing the generation of waste through the cost of reflective and increase or create the awareness. Program want to change the unnecessary habit of people which are the harmful for their health and environment and continuity of unnecessary habits affect to others and create problem of their selves. In this activity people will know and be aware about pollution. Generally Rag-pickers suffer big problems of health because of unawareness and they do not use protection elements during collect the garbage. Their habits are a hierarchical so through the program their parents and same community can get facilities. Through the behavior change program would like to increase reuse and recycling rates of products and reduce the percentage of recyclable material to landfill. Soil rehabilitate by waste compost (organic): Rural area has good opportunity to rehabilitate the land and farmers also can get vermi-compost in cheap rate. It is possible to produce the organic fertilizers through the garbage which will come from urban waste and rural waste. This program has units near to rural area so it is easy to reach the rural and farmers also can approach to units. Plantation: It is necessary to ensure the protection of the environment through the effective waste management. In these days urbanization is happening very fast so which is cause of deforestation. So as well as organic farming and soil rehabilitation, urban and rural area will get plantation facilities which will help to make green and good environment. It may possible to get financial strength by fruit plant and plantation on the side of road will provide the shade to passer. In the rural area people could get fuel for food and could also earn from it. Collaborate with recycle industries and linkage with different stakeholders: The primary focus of this program is to achieve the objectives of waste hierarchy which is set of broad and economic perspective related and collaboration is necessary activity of this program which will fulfill the objects. The program will collaborate to recycle industries, municipal party, government and privet market and institutions. Many stakeholders are involve in this program and they are the main components of this program who are the part of program success Need assessment Demography This program will run in the cities of Uttar Pradesh and there are waste is very big problem and people need the solution of this problem. On the basis of data this program will select the cities and rural area where program could fulfill the all problematic situations. Most of cities are going to finish their popularity and tourism is also going to reduce or to be affected, because of odour and dirty places. Community needs; Community will have some expectation from this program and also community is part of it. It is made by based on their needs and with seeing the difficulties of community; program will try to fulfill their expectation or needs. Based on the experience and data some area will cover by this program. Urban households will get some services to remove the garbage and people will get relief from dirty or polluted place. Other stakeholders (schools college or universities mess, hotels, restaurants, markets, shopping mall and other institutions etc) also will get facilities and they need their neat and clean environment which is help to maintain their quality if life also. This program will fill the some community need: Neat and clean environment Employment Income generation Protect the health Prevent the pollution Sustainable development Make better life Community resources: Program has specific target groups who want to fulfill their needs and secure their life and economic part. Community resource means, how can they contribute in this program. Community contribution is must for it and they will contribute. Based on their needs and structure of program, the most essential part of some experience of the approach is to group for waste management which is show the value chain a series of steps, which will be based on the descending order of priority. Waste cannot be avoid by community because they knows very well, it will create problem in the future and this is not become waste for them. Households and other institution or stakeholders will pay for services and unemployed youth will get employment to collect it and rag-pickers also will get money and from collaborated recycle industries through this program. Vision and Mission of the program Vision: Advancing livelihood through waste management as well as green clean environment Mission: Poverty reduction of community through Phases of the program Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Period 3 years 4 years 3 years Focus Reach to households and other stakeholders To protect health, provide well being and environment Change the behavior of people to reduce, reuse, recover the waste. Coverage 4 Cities of Utter Pradesh Expansion program in other areas Reach to rural area for remediation for contaminated land Activities Waste avoidance reduction through services, Recovery, reuse recycling the waste Treatment processing Outcomes Clean and green environment Pollution free environment Reducing the poverty from waste Income generate by itself Logical framework Intervention logic Objective verified indicator Means of verification Pre-condition Assumption Goal- Reducing, re-using, recycling and recovering waste. Promoting and ensuring the effective delivery of waste services Identified the focus group Their living standard Identified the location Collect the primary secondary data People unaware about environment and unknown from reduce, reuse and recover Objectives- To change the behaviour of people to reduce, reuse and recover of waste by recycling. To make the clean and green environment with effective waste management. To provide the employment for people with waste management. Facilitate to farmers for cost effective farming with organic fertilizers Involve the unemployment people, rag-pickers, people and other stakeholders Impact of program through feedback The act of observing Change the behaviour of people Make better life of rag-pickers Output- Organise the citizen and people Good environment well-being and income generation Make better living standard Reduce the waste through change the behaviour Reduce the generation of waste Prevention of pollution and ecological degradation Remediation of contaminated land Recover the all dirty places of cities Input Funds, infrastructure of units, skilled and unskilled human resource Initial investment Implementation Monitoring Evaluate the program Impact study of per event Some institution is working in this field but not effective and in a proper way First focus group will be households in the urban and rural area, from where primary waste will come and they will get two types of bin plastics and decayable things. Collection garbage from households and others Employee will collect the garbage weekly and households and other institution will pay of service on weekly with take receipts. Collect the plastics and other metal Rag-pickers are very important part to make clean and safe the public place. Work with the rag-pickers and collect by them the plastics and other recyclable elements which spread the harmful chemicals and pollute the environment. Recover and separation of material After collection the input, it will go to the separation units where other employees will cover the material and make separate it and also maintain the document and register of covering the households and tally the paying receipts. Use for compost and recycle After separation the material employee will send it for recycling to recycle industries and decayable things for vermi or pit-compost. Goal Reducing, re-using, recycling and recovering waste. Promoting and ensuring the effective delivery of waste services Objectives: To change the behaviour of people to reduce, reuse and recover of waste by recycling. To make the clean and green environment with effective waste management To provide the employment for people with waste management. Facilitate to farmers for cost effective farming with organic fertilizers. Note- Nothing is waste until you make it waste Methodology / implementation: Program will run by staff member and employees and support of other stakeholder and in the program, program manager will make strategy to work on particular location and linkage with govt. and private institution and establish the some awareness program and campaign and control the all staff of location. Here area manager will define the location and implement the program and make report to the program manager. He will conduct the all meeting of employees and arrange the all needs of units. Here marketing manager has responsibility to search the market of organic products and make strategy to direct reach to farmers and others. Supervisor will control the all employee and see the problem of area and facilitate to collection centre and as well as accountant will make and prepare all document and record of financial things. Evaluation Cost-effectiveness of the program: Program has initial investment and it will provide the some necessary facilities which is prevent the possibility of future investment. Community satisfaction: Community will fulfil their needs through the program and get some services and benefits and they have some contribution without extra effort and financial things. Attainment of goals: Work with community and other stakeholders and fulfil their needs as well as program will reach to own goals and fulfil the all objects. Program sustainability In the development sector people are working for poverty reduction and promoting livelihood etc. with various strategic plan and community also adopting this kind of strategy because they have to reduce their poverty and get better livelihood. One side people are focusing to get money and better living status but another side they also facing problem of poor health and environment. They know what they are doing but they dont know which impact is affecting of their life. People are wasting so much what is part of their financial and environment. This program is considering and caring to the next generation and community also care of their generation but they do not think that their next generation will suffer in the future. Waste management program will provide the facilities to many stakeholders and focus on the future and next generation and how they can get good environment and better livelihood through waste management. Program think that nothing is waste until you make it waste and waste is the source of economic and it is possible to make better life through waste management. Urban people will get neat and clean and pollution free environment with their contribution in the program as well as unemployed people will get employment to provide services to household and other institutions through this program and rag-pickers have so many benefits to work on it and they will get good standard of life and can reduce their poverty and poor health. Financial guideline Initial invest is very necessary for this program which is consider the one of the base of program and aim of program is provide the facilities to community which will be consume the financial things of dustbins and the units of collection centre and arrangement of units and some instruments for producing the vermi and pit composts. For collection the garbage employee need the some vehicle, so in that program need sufficient fund to cover all needs, obviously it depend on the area or location of the implementing program. Program has also thought of protection of their employee because of they will work on the dirty component so they have to secure their life first and after that they can protect or secure of others life. Program need the approximate fund Rs.5 crore. Staff structure and qualification Sr. no. Staff Qualification 1 Program Manager Post graduate and computer knowledge 2 Area manager Graduate in engineering and computer knowledge 3 Marketing manager Post graduate and computer knowledge 4 Supervisor 10+2 and computer knowledge 5 Accountant Graduate in account and computer knowledge Way forward This program has very long vision to run it and in the future it would like to some technical aspect like GPS system, what will help to know the covering area or location and selected area. Linkage with different stakeholders and work on other social work related to environment and livelihood of people and which could make better life. Through the plantation and organic cultivation, program could promote JLG and producer group and provide the education of other facilities to rag-pickers. Conclusion- This program has very specific concept to remove unnecessary thins from social and environment and work with community and focus group. For sustainable development it is possible to reach the program goal and fulfil the objectives. Program will work with different stakeholders and staff members and make better living standard with income generation from waste. Most beautiful thing is people involvement and they could change their behaviour.

Euthanasia Essay - Physician Assisted Murder :: Free Euthanasia Essay

Physician Assisted Murder Physician assisted suicide is illegal in all states but Oregon. Physician assisted suicide is defined by Religious Tolerance.org: a physician supplies information and/or the means of committing suicide to a person, so that they can easily terminate their own life. The decision of when and where the time of our death should occur is one that only God has the right to decide. Because no person or doctor has the right to end a life, physician assisted suicide should be illegal. Some feel that a terminally ill patient should have a legal right to control the manner in which they die. Physicians and nurses have fought for the right to aid a patient in their death. Many families of the terminally ill have exhausted all of their funds caring for a dying patient and would prefer the option of assisted suicide to bankruptcy. While there are many strong opposing viewpoints, one of the strongest is that the terminally ill patient has the right to die in a humane, dignified manner. However, dignity in dying is not necessarily assured when a trusted doctor, whose professional ethics are to promote and maintain life, injects a terminally ill patient with a lethal dose of morphine. Every culture has a taboo against murder, including our own. The practice of physician assisted suicide is wrong across all religious and cultural groups. According to Leon R. Kass, M.D., the taboo against doctors killing patients, even on request, "is the very embodiment of reason and wisdom. Without it, medicine will have lost its claim to be an ethical and trustworthy profession." Before a physician is allowed to practice medicine, he/she takes the Hippocratic Oath, which is described by Encyclopedia Britannica as " a pledge to prescribe only beneficial treatments, according to his abilities and judgment; to refrain from causing harm or hurt". This oath has been practiced for more than 2000 years. If a doctor breaks that promise and helps a patient to purposely die, then the oath has meant nothing. Physician assisted suicide is illegal in all states but one state. Oregon law states that when a patient requests physician assisted suicide they must be suffering from a disease that will end his or her life within 6 months.

Movie Dr. Strangelove Essay

Yes, it is my opinion that the ideology of the cold war was reflected by the tension shown in the movie â€Å"Dr. Strangelove† by Stanley Kubrick. The tension between peace and war, like the U. S. and the Soviets during the cold war, is reflected by the actors the movie portrayed. The movie â€Å"Dr. Strangelove† gave a satirical look at how war can be manipulated and the players who manipulate it. The secretiveness of the Cold war was reflected poignantly in the movie, causing confusion which helped key players to execute their evil plans. The Cold War was the first public war held behind closed doors. Diplomacy was used, per say, instead of action. Although both sides of the conflict were readily able to show force no really force was used to end the war. Few Americans really knew just how close the film was to real life. The film including the characters and script were very similar to the policies and military leaders of the Cold War. The secrecy was vital to the tension during the Cold war and to the movie. During that time in America there were no Freedom of Information Act that would give light to citizens and this caused much speculation and visions of devastating war. But now with information readily available it is almost shocking just how much the movie mirrored real life. Dr. Strangelove in the movie reminded me of Henry Kissinger. The ending of the movie gave me a glimpse of what I believe would happen if there were such a mistake and just how political officials would feel if this would happen. The statement by General Turgidson, â€Å"Mr. President I’m not saying we would get our hair mussed, but I do say no more than 10-20 million killed, tops! † is how most political leaders would actually think and do think. During war there are acceptable levels of casualties and to most civilians it would be shocking at how high the levels are. Since the adopted policy of President Theodore Roosevelt’s that instead of opposing intervention by European nations in the Western Hemisphere that the U. S. would intervene when necessary to guarantee political and economic stability around the world. This concept has been a cornerstone of American foreign policy from the 1900’s on up to today. To fight the rise and influence of the Soviet Union after WWII the U. S. adopted containment to prevent the rising of communist power. The soviets responded by establishing Communist governments in Eastern Europe. This was the beginning of the Cold War. This war was not fought by bullets but by propaganda and secrets. Allies for this war was gained by giving economic and military assistance. During this war there were times that were hot and times there were thaws. So it is very easy for me to see the reflection of tensions that mirrored real life when comparing the Cold War and the movie â€Å"Dr. Strangelove†. Reference: Kubrick, S. (Director & Producer). (2004). Dr. Strangelove, or how I learned to stop worrying and love the bomb [Motion Picture]. United States: Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment [DVD]

Programming Language and Effects Essay

In computer science , a function or expression is said to have a side effect if, in addition to returning a value, it also modifies some state or has an observable interaction withcalling functions or the outside world. For example, a function might modify a global or static variable , modify one of its arguments, raise an exception, write data to a display or file, read data, orcall other side-effecting functions. In the presence of side effects, a program’s behavior depends on history; that is, the order ofevaluation matters. Understanding and debugging a function with side effects requires knowledge about the context and its possible histories. [1] [2] Side effects are the most common way that a program interacts with the outside world (people, filesystems, other computers on networks). But the degree to which side effects are used depends on the programming paradigm. Imperative programming isknown for its frequent utilization of side effects. In functional programming , side effects are rarely used. Functional languages such as Standard ML , Scheme and Scala do not restrict side effects, but it is customary for programmers to avoid them. [3] The functional language Haskell restricts side effects with a static type system ; it uses the concept of monads to do stateful and IO computations. [4] [5] Assembly language programmers must be aware of hidden side effects — instructions that modify parts of the processor state which are not mentioned in the instruction’s mnemonic. A classic example of a hiddenside effect is an arithmetic instruction which explicitly modifies a register (an overt effect) and implicitly modifies condition codes (ahidden side effect). One defect of an instruction set with many hidden side effects is that, if many instructions have side effects on a single piece of state, like condition codes, then the logic required to update that state sequentially may become aperformance bottleneck. The problem is particularly acute on processors designed with pipelining (since 1990) or with out-of-order execution . Such a processor may require additional control circuitry to detect hidden side effects and stall the pipeline if the next instruction depends on the results of those effects.

Retention and financial benefits of remote working

Retention and financial benefits of remote working Workers have come a long way with Teleworking and that is why National Telework Week has been organized to recognize employee retention and financial benefits of remote working. Brian Christensen who is one of the employees Cisco System Inc, which is a computer networking firm, recalls how he was forced to move from his home in San Francisco to be near the company’s headquarters in California.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Retention and financial benefits of remote working specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because he was always late at work due to the long distance drive. Christensen used to take 90minutes driving to work which was 50 miles away from his home. Despite the harsh conditions, he was expected to work for 10-hour days. Christensen laughs when he looks at how things have changed as compared to the past 18years. Being the director of information systems at Cisco, Christensen now has more re sponsibilities to attend to. He is responsible for mobile and home service offering for 63,000 employees with $43 billion Company (Meg par. 1). Today, Christensen is able to work several days within a week from home and that is why he encourages other clients and co-workers to do the same too. According a survey report, roughly 90 percent of employees are working at least one day a week from home. Cisco has taken the mandate to promote employee empowerment to facilitate success in their jobs. Better results will be recorded if the employees work from home as compared to the hours they spend in the office. Being a networking company, Cisco has taken the forefront to facilitate a movement on the benefits of teleworking not only to the benefits of employees but also as a way of making business operations to be more global by attracting and retaining workers of highest quality that will boost the productivity of employees. Actually it is Cisco Company that has sponsored the National Tel ework Week which is to begin on Monday. Telework Exchange Company is responsible for organizing the event since the company also promotes teleworking particular in federal government.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The two companies believe that employees can be able to save $ 60 averagely in a week and $ 3000 yearly if they work remotely. A good example is Trademark Office and U.S. Patent which documented savings worth $19million after moving its employees to work remotely. This was more than 14years ago. The large savings were as a result of reduced transport and real estate costs and a reduction in employee turnover. A total of $ 215 billion can be saved if full-time workers decide to work remotely. The environment will also be spared from tons of 143 million pollutants. The number of employees working from home has increased steadily since 2004. However, in 2 010 the number declined as a result of recession. Most employees feared that they might be jeopardizing their boss by telecommuting. There are some managers who find it hard to believe in telecommuting. This is one of the reasons why it is not easy to shift every company to teleworking strategies. Only good results will enable managers to think of using teleworking strategies. Bibliography Meg, Breslin. Teleworking Has Come a Long Way for Workers. 4 March, 2012. Web. https://www.workforce.com/2012/03/05/teleworking-has-come-a-long-way-for-workers/

Johnny Cash’s Drug Addition And The Effects It Had On His Family Essays

Johnny Cash’s Drug Addition And The Effects It Had On His Family Essays Johnny Cash’s Drug Addition And The Effects It Had On His Family Paper Johnny Cash’s Drug Addition And The Effects It Had On His Family Paper In Johnny Cash’s book, Cash, he describes his addition to prescription pills. It was scary to read that his addition started at such a young age, with the morphine he was given to relieve pain. His trail of thoughts ended up in thinking that this is the best thing ever. My reaction to this is rather sad and confused. Not everyone who takes morphine for pain sinks into this trail of thought. I am left wondering if this was just something in his mind, something that made him think it was more pleasurable than other people. That frame of mind seems to be what lead to the addiction. Johnny Cash seem to be ok with what he was doing, not realizing the damages he had on his family. He’d neglect his daughters and then his wife. He was being so rude just doing whatever he wanted and not really listening to those that cared for him the most. I kept thinking, if you weren’t even going to listen to the people who care about you the most, whom would he ever listen to? It would be hard to try to tell someone not to do something to himself, and just see him doing it anyway. As the time went on, it seemed that Johnny Cash didn’t realize how self-destructive he was. He wouldn’t listen to those around him and assumed he could handle it, he basically showed some weak character traits based on how he would ignore or excuse his behavior. I was amazed he could so smugly just walk away from a fire just to go fishing, not even bothering trying to put it out or tell anyone so they could put it out. He just let it all burn away without caring, and pathetically didn’t care. His family suffered with a lack of Johnny Cash being around. They wanted his attention and he ignored those pleas. I felt worried through the story or them, like I expected him to eventually listen to them. They worried and tried hard to stick by him, even when he was pushing them away. It seemed like he didn’t care. The pills were more important. It didn’t seem like he was in control at all of his emotions or had any control over how many he took. It was this destructive attitude that hurt the most to his family and caused some lasting damages. As the story progressed, and he did more dangerous things and kept getting wilder, it became clear how out of control he was. His attitude toward life and those around him were sickening. With so many people watching him, one would assume he would change his mind about what he was doing. It started to sound like it wasn’t fun any more to him to take the pills, but he kept doing it, which is rather confusing. It really seemed like it was his own inner spiritual awakening, which it was inside himself that was what he needed to see what he was doing. I think it proved the only real way to beat addition is something inside you. The outside influence of his family helped in the long run in a minor way, but it took a lot to shake the idea of what he was doing was ok. So it was some switch inside of people that might be what changes people. The destruction he did to his family is scary, though, and something no one should go through. Johnny Cash’s addiction deeply impacted his family and nearly destroyed the relationships he had created with them. To do that to your family just shows you wouldn’t care about them at all, and think about yourself the most. References Carr, P. , Cash, J. (1998) Cash: The Autobiography. 1998. HarperCollins.

A Couple of Notes About Couple

A Couple of Notes About Couple A Couple of Notes About â€Å"Couple† A Couple of Notes About â€Å"Couple† By Mark Nichol Couple, from the Latin word copula, meaning â€Å"bond† (yes, the term is also the origin of copulate, which is synonymous with a sense of the verb couple), has some relationship issues, so careful writers should be aware of the word’s reputation and note its proper formal usage. Couple, as a collective noun, can be associated with a singular verb or a plural one, depending on context. But unlike other words in that class, it’s more likely to use a plural verb: â€Å"The couple is celebrating its fiftieth wedding anniversary† is just awkward, because the impersonal pronoun implies that the enduring union does not involve human beings. But â€Å"The couple are celebrating their fiftieth wedding anniversary† strikes many readers, even those who, like me, advocate the singular they, as clumsy. So, refer to the couple as â€Å"the two† or even â€Å"they.† Employing couple as an adjective (â€Å"Can I borrow a couple dollars?†) is common in speech but not appropriate in writing; the proper form is to treat the word as a noun followed by the preposition of preceding another noun (â€Å"Can I borrow a couple of dollars?†) When quoting a speaker in writing, silent correction interpolating of in the record of a person’s idiomatic speech without brackets or similarly calling attention to the change is advisable. An exception to the â€Å"couple of dollars† preference is when the noun is a numerical reference (â€Å"I bet a couple of hundred dollars on the game†); though this is the preferred form, omission of of in this usage is still common and not considered incorrect. However, of should remain absent from such statements as â€Å"I’ll buy a couple more batteries.† The noun couple is also used informally to refer to more than two people. The verb form lags in generally referring to two people or things, as in connecting of train cars, though this action may repeat sequentially. The form coupling can be a verb, an adjective, and a noun. Note, too, that â€Å"coupled with† takes a singular verb: â€Å"That incident, coupled with his behavior yesterday, is a clear sign of his instability.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Cost-Effective vs. Cost-EfficientExcited ABOUT, not "for" I wish I were...

Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning to Circulate to all employees Essay

Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning to Circulate to all employees - Essay Example Jane Thomas’s Wyoming Analytical Laboratories, Inc may segment the market based on: income, age gender, occupation and marital status (Lamb, Charles, Joseph and Carl D, pp 403). Whereby, the market may be segmented on the bases of income, for example; low income earners and higher income earners may be served under different markets segments (Strydom, pp 161-164). Additionally, Thomas’s Wyoming Analytical Laboratories, may segment their market based on marital status whereby, the company may offer products and services for married and unmarried customer (Pride, William and Ferell, pp159-162). Connectively, the company may segment the market and products based on the age. Whereby, young and elderly people may be served under different market segments (Pride, William and Ferell, pp159-162). In above connection, Thomas’s Wyoming Analytical Laboratories may segment the market based on gender for instance they may offer products for Male and female under different market segments (Pride, William and Ferell, pp159-162).Below is a figure showing strategies that Thomas’s Wyoming Analytical Laboratories, Inc may utilize to segment their market; Additionally, Thomas’s Wyoming Analytical Laboratories, Inc may consider the various types of segmentation that may suit their needs. The basic types of market segmentation include; geographical segmentation where the market is divided into states, counties, towns, provinces to name just but a few (Lamb, Charles, Joseph and Carl D, pp124-126). The diagram below indicates how Jane Thomas’s Wyoming Analytical Laboratories, Inc may apportion the market using geographical segmentation. Source: Authour In above connection, the company may apply behavioral segmentation whereby, customers with similar behavior may be served within the same market, for instance loyal customers may be served together (Lamb, Charles, Joseph and Carl D, pp124-126). The company may utilize psycho graphical type segmentation whereby; the market may be apportioned based on customers taste, attitude, values and their interest as shown in the diagram below (Strydom, PP 160-163). Source : . Targeting ap pertains a marketing concept utilized by marketers in identify a group of customers who have the same interest in order to serve them adequately (Pride, William and Ferrell, pp, 158-159).

Social Psychology - Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Psychology - Theory - Essay Example A group gives each of its members an identity and a role. Group identity gives an individual improved self-esteem, confidence level and sense of belonging. The individual is also socially and culturally influenced by the group. This study was conducted in 1971 by Philip Zimbardo of Stanford University, California, along with a group of researchers. It was a dramatic simulation of prison life conducted to study the behavior of good people when placed in an evil setting, to learn if humanity would prevail over evil or vice versa, etc. (Zimbardo). The independent variable in the study was the conditions the participants were assigned, the dependent variable being their consequent behavior (Haney, Banks and Zimbardo). The study was stopped halfway through due to the grim effects seen in the participants where the "guards" had become sadistic and the "prisoners" extremely depressed. The experiment was funded by the US Navy with a view to study the causes of conflict between the guards and prisoners in the naval prisons. Up until then, there was a belief that the guards entered their jobs with a "guard mentality" and were basically sadistic and insensitive whereas the prisoners were aggressive people with no respect for law. The study, however, disproved this dispositional hypothesis. Though the participants knew that they were part of a study, from the moment the "prisoners" were caught and arrested unawares from their homes and from the moment the "guards" were initiated into their roles a day before the prisoners were brought in, the participants fell so perfectly into their roles and they were affected by them so much that they seemed to believe in their assigned roles or positions. The participants were not preconditioned on their form of interactions and were free to interact in any way. Yet, their "encounters tended to be negative, hostile, insulting and dehumanizing" (Haney, Banks and Zimbardo). The negative emotions showed that the participants, both the prisoners and the guards, had internalized the situation or that they had started to believe in the situation. Though physical violence was strictly not allowed, forms of less direct aggressive behavior were noted. Another instance where the participants' internalization was evidenced was when five of the prisoners had to be released due to extreme depression. Though the prisoners were fully aware that they were only playing a role and could quit the study if they so wished, only two of the rest were ready to forfeit their earnings in consideration of "parole." When the study was terminated earlier than planned, the prisoners were delighted while the guards were disappointed. This was because the guards had grown to enjoy the power that they now held. Even the "prison officials," meaning the research team, had started behaving in a manner they thought was befitting the roles they played. The styles of responding to and coping with the new situation differed from individual to individual. While a few prisoners had to be released, a few endured the atmosphere. While some guards were "tough but fair, some went far beyond their roles to engage in creative cruelty and harassment" (Haney, Banks and Zimbardo). The preliminary personality tests done on the participants had not predicted this manner of a behavior

The economic consequences for Ukraine in joining the Thesis

The economic consequences for Ukraine in joining the Russia-Belarus-Kazakhstan customs union - Thesis Example 1 Overview Statistics of Ukraine Economic Status p. 19 Fig. 2 Real Sector Performance of Ukraine p. 20 Fig. 3 State Budget Execution p. 21 Fig. 4 main State Budget Indicators for 2012-2013 p. 21 Fig. 5 Map of the Commonwealth of Independent States p. 22 Fig. 6 A Look at the Economic Picture for the CU in 2010-2011 p. 25 Fig. 7 EEU Timeline Implementation Infrastructure p. 29 Fig. 8 Nominal GDP of BRK Countries and Ukraine, 2000-2011 p. 32 Fig. 9 Structure of Gross Value Added in BRK and Ukraine, 2005 and 2010 p. 33 Fig 10 Structure of Industry by Branch in BRK and Ukraine, 2005 and 2010 p. 34 Fig. 11 Belarus Foreign Trade by Country Groupings p. 35 Fig. 12 Russia Foreign Trade by Country Groupings p.37 Fig. 13 Kazakhstan Foreign Trade by Country Groupings p. 39 Fig. 14 Ukraine Foreign Trade by Country Groupings p. 40 Fig. 15 Kazakhstan Foreign Trade Developments p.41 Fig. 16 Russia Foreign Trade Developments p.42 Fig. 17 Belarus Foreign Trade Developments p.43 Fig. 18 Ukraine Foreign Trade Developments p.44 Fig. 19 Service Imports p. 45 Fig. 20 Service Exports p. 46 Fig. 21 Belarus Export/Import Charts p. 47 Fig. 22 Kazakhstan Export/Import Charts p. 47 Fig. 23 Russia Export/Import Charts p. 48 Fig. 24 Common External Tariff of the BRK Customs Union p.50 Fig. 25 Gas Production Forecast Table 2005-2016 p. 52 Fig. 26 Gas Production Forecast Table 2014-2021 p. 53 Fig. 27 Major LNG Fields and Pipeline Network p. 54 Fig. 28 Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) Rankings p.55 Fig. 29 Mutualism in Europe: The Diverse Realities of the EU p. 57 Fig. 30 Common Principles of European Mutual Societies p.58 Fig. 31 Import Tariffs Before and After the Customs Union Creation p. 51 Fig.32.Global Financial... The purpose for this paper is to look at the surrounding circumstances of the Ukraine, what state the economy is in, what Ukraine’s main resources are, and how export and import situations would benefit if Ukraine were to join the Customs Union. In one section, three examples of Ukraine’s position in the marketplace will be examined with a projected analysis gleaned from literature review research as to whether joining the Union on a limited basis would be better or whether joining as a full member would be best, and finally, how Ukraine would manage by not joining at all. Consequently, this analysis would present a picture in time, based on certain circumstances only. War and natural disasters can strongly disrupt any strategic plans, no matter how carefully set up. Notwithstanding unexpected occurrences, perhaps other Unions may decide to relax some of their rules in order to bring Ukraine in to membership. For now, the European Union, while once a possibility, seems to be sidelined by Ukraine’s current political environment. The research motivation is to compare the various literature reviews by expert economists and scholars of scenarios and resulting factors of Ukraine joining the CU under various structures of membership. In that capacity, literature review is necessary for finding the picture currently available for the Ukraine and for the Customs Union through economic trends over the last few years and to bring that forward into the comparative analysis. The question in this thesis is to ‘determine how the Ukraine will fare economically if it does join the Common Union currently consisting of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus.’

Media Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Media Technology - Essay Example The truck can be designed around the Panasonic MX-70 8-input SDI production switcher because of its powerful features and small form factor. It has a 8'x10' control room, space is a primary consideration. To accommodate monitoring all switcher inputs and on air elements Miranda Kaliedo Alto screen splitter feeding a Panasonic 50" Professional Series HD Plasma Display can be selected. Because of limited production schedules and some very expedited editorial needs, the system design includes an Apple X-Serve Raid, disk array supplying real time SDI video in and out of the switcher.At the front end of this Apple system, are three Final Cut Pro HD workstations for all the pre and post editorial, networked with Apple X-Serve and Xsan policing file management. This SAN configuration allows all the workstations to share files in real-time and drive SDI video to the switcher live and back to the X-Serve Raid. For b-rolls and live to tape two Panasonic AJ-SD93 DVCPRO 50 VTR's are selected.In addition, the truck is outfitted with a Sony J30-SDI so Amp'd can roll-in betacam formats as well. Because of the nature of the live events Amp'd shoots, a Doremi two-channel, SDI, MPEG 2, 4:2:2, 3-hour video server, was installed for instant playback and record with slow-mo. The audio of for Amp'd #1 starts from the embedded SDI external source, de-embedded and then is routed throughout the truck in analog pairs. A Mackie 1604-VLZ Pro, 16-channel analog mixer then handles the final mix. The Genelec 8020a's near field audio monitors handle program audio. Because this truck is also equipped with a talent voiceover booth and often takes external camera feeds, a Clear-Com MS-232, 2-channel communications system is installed as a master user station with number of Clear-Com RM220 fixed user stations and Clear Com RS-602 belt pack stations. For live talent a Clear-Com AB-100 Announcer console is used with a Sennheiser HMD-25-1 Headset for IFB (Interrupt Feedback). The truck and chasis ar e designed by Renegade. With a full motor home front configuration for support on location and plenty of power from its on-board 50 amp generator.1 2) Bock shemantics The video system consists of the following: - High Data Rate Digital ENG System - Single or Multiple Video/Audio - Optional DVB-ASI or SDI Inputs/Outputs - Video Encoding 4:2:2 and 4:2:0 - Video Low Delay Mode - Occupies - Occupies - ATSC VSB Modulation with Superior FEC - Robust Adaptive Equalization - Switchable Bandwidths 12, 17 and 25 MHz for Flexible Operation between 2, 7 and 13 GHz - Ideal for Multiple DMA Area Operation - Operates with any ENG Digital Radio - Small, Compact and Low Cost. Advantages of the VSB Modem: - High Data Rates over 12 MHz BW - Data Rates to 80 Mbps - Multiple Video Channels over a Single ENG Microwave Link - Ideal for Component HDTV - Low Cost and Small Size - Resilient to Multi-Path Block Diagram of the Three Video ENG System The audio system would consist of the following: As technologies continue to advance, audio is no exception. Surround sound, audio effects, descriptive video, and multiple languages or maybe combinations of these are required, thereby increasing the number audio channels. In the analogue days, each audio signal required a balanced pair of wires and an XLR connector. This is no longer practical for multiple audio channels, and at least with AES/EBU digital audio, we can accommodate stereo on one coax cable. (Even in Europe, where engineers traditionally use balanced digital audio, most outside broadcast facilities are adopting coax cables for unbalanced AES audio). Surround sound comes in different flavors, the most popular being 5.1. This means Left, Center, Right, Left Back,

Gothic Style Architecture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gothic Style Architecture - Research Paper Example (White, 1993) The style is considered to be classical to some extent because it is prominent before the renaissance period came in. At the same time, it originated and had several modifications that were derived from the Romanesque Architecture. (Athena Publications, 1996) This style flourished during the Middle Ages, also known as Dark Ages. The most prominent and influential powers are the Church and the King. Feudal System flourished as well. In most cases, religion has a strong say about what happens in the society back then. However, Gothic period is also reflective of the low status of art during those times. (Thomas, 2000) Most of the Tribes of Goths, Vandals and the like had an intention of eliminating the Greco-Roman culture. (Thomas, 2000) Gothic Architecture was preceded by the Romanesque Architectural which also had arches and several huge domes. To some perspective, the Romanesque style influenced the way Gothic architecture presented itself in history. Mostly, the Roman esque Architecture had its traditions and conventions derived from the Greco-Roman Architectural style. (Athena Publications, 1996) Given that case, we cannot fully consider Gothic art and architecture as something that is highly valued. It’s dark stigma and stereotype manifests the dark period where it is confined and existed. However, despite of its depreciation from the people during that period, specifically the tribes, this downfall period is reflective of the exchange of light and dark art periods: Classical to Renaissance then to Baroque. (Thomas, 2000) Classical is more of dark, emotional themes and style in contrast to Renaissance which is more humanist and scientific. The Baroque which also values shadow and emotions are somehow related to the dark style the perpetrated the Classical or Gothic art and architecture period. What ultimately constitutes the conventions and technical aspects of the Gothic Architectural design? The Gothic Architecture is commonly known to have â€Å"specific structural elements, such as ribbed vaults, pointed arches, and the flying buttress.† (Kidson, 2011) Ribbed Vaults showed the ceiling structure that is somehow seen like a dome on the inside with intricate designs that are supported by the columns. (Athena Publications, 1996) These vaults provided a spacious ceiling that made the Gothic buildings spacious and huge not just outside but also inside. The pointed arches, on the other hand, are viewed on the external of these buildings. On the bare minimum, these arches contributed to the spacious appearance that is working in unison with the vaulted arches on the inside. At the same the arches also reflected the extravagance of the Gothic architecture. The flying buttresses have provided a different role in the existence of the Gothic Architecture. They are actually supporting the other structures of the Gothic Church, mainly the vault. (Athena Publications, 1996) They are usually attached to walls and act as a support to the vaults of the Gothic buildings. To some extent, they provide more spacious ceiling appearance. Even if Gothic Architecture has a certain specific style, several styles of it emanated depending on a specific geographical domain. All of them are relatively the same, however, the French, Italian and English Gothic Architectural design asserted their own identity. France is considered to be the birthplace of this architectural movement. At the same time, there was a strong

Managed health care future for the disabled and poor Essay

Managed health care future for the disabled and poor - Essay Example Center of discussion in this paper is managed health care as delivering health care in an integrated system and in an organized manner. The main goals of managed health care are to enhance the clinical quality of the medical services, to enhance the client and social service element of health care, and to minimize the costs of distributing quality health care. Managed care is a structured approach to purchasing and getting the right service for a particular health need. Health maintenance organizations (HMOs), preferred provider organizations (PPOs), and physician hospital organizations (PHOs) are forms of managed care. Managed care and in particular, the health maintenance organizations became popular as a way of enhancing care and minimizing unnecessary services. However, towards the end of 1990s, the consumer backlash resulted in the abandonment of the firmly controlled care management systems. Quality is â€Å"now the watchword for 21st century healthcare as the institutions and individuals who pay for services begin to focus on what they are getting for their money†. In other words, individuals demand for quality health care because they are paying for it. There is still no consensus as to who should be accountable for the provision and financing of the health care services in the United States. This has resulted in a patchwork system in which the individuals, employers, and the government all assist in covering up the expenses. For a while, the government has assumed the mandate of providing health insurance to particular deserving populations (such as some poor people, children, disabled, and other older persons) but it has generally shunned financing care for the working adults (Earp, French, and Gilkey, 2008). Instead, majority of the working adults get insurance either through buying coverage on their own or through their employers, or they go without the cover. It is important to note that there is no single unifying system offering the system s. The health services are offered directly by private providers, organizations supported by state or federal funding, and governmental organizations (like the public health). Health care services are provided by both not-for-profit and for-profit organizations (Earp, French, and Gilkey, 2008). Managed care imposes quality measurement, accountability, controls, and organization in the delivery of health care to attain the buyer’s aims for access to cost of care, effectiveness of care, care, and quality of care. The introduction and growth of managed care strategies have influenced the general health care organization. They have begun to alter the delivery of publicly and privately health care (National Research Council, 1997). Provider Contracting The aim of a managed care organization is to offer or organize for the health care services provision. Majority of the managed care organizations like the preferred provider organizations (PPOs) and the health maintenance organizati ons (HMOs) offer their services through agreements with medical groups, individual physicians, hospitals, individual practice associations (IPAs) and other kinds of health care facilities and

Gothic Style Architecture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gothic Style Architecture - Research Paper Example (White, 1993) The style is considered to be classical to some extent because it is prominent before the renaissance period came in. At the same time, it originated and had several modifications that were derived from the Romanesque Architecture. (Athena Publications, 1996) This style flourished during the Middle Ages, also known as Dark Ages. The most prominent and influential powers are the Church and the King. Feudal System flourished as well. In most cases, religion has a strong say about what happens in the society back then. However, Gothic period is also reflective of the low status of art during those times. (Thomas, 2000) Most of the Tribes of Goths, Vandals and the like had an intention of eliminating the Greco-Roman culture. (Thomas, 2000) Gothic Architecture was preceded by the Romanesque Architectural which also had arches and several huge domes. To some perspective, the Romanesque style influenced the way Gothic architecture presented itself in history. Mostly, the Roman esque Architecture had its traditions and conventions derived from the Greco-Roman Architectural style. (Athena Publications, 1996) Given that case, we cannot fully consider Gothic art and architecture as something that is highly valued. It’s dark stigma and stereotype manifests the dark period where it is confined and existed. However, despite of its depreciation from the people during that period, specifically the tribes, this downfall period is reflective of the exchange of light and dark art periods: Classical to Renaissance then to Baroque. (Thomas, 2000) Classical is more of dark, emotional themes and style in contrast to Renaissance which is more humanist and scientific. The Baroque which also values shadow and emotions are somehow related to the dark style the perpetrated the Classical or Gothic art and architecture period. What ultimately constitutes the conventions and technical aspects of the Gothic Architectural design? The Gothic Architecture is commonly known to have â€Å"specific structural elements, such as ribbed vaults, pointed arches, and the flying buttress.† (Kidson, 2011) Ribbed Vaults showed the ceiling structure that is somehow seen like a dome on the inside with intricate designs that are supported by the columns. (Athena Publications, 1996) These vaults provided a spacious ceiling that made the Gothic buildings spacious and huge not just outside but also inside. The pointed arches, on the other hand, are viewed on the external of these buildings. On the bare minimum, these arches contributed to the spacious appearance that is working in unison with the vaulted arches on the inside. At the same the arches also reflected the extravagance of the Gothic architecture. The flying buttresses have provided a different role in the existence of the Gothic Architecture. They are actually supporting the other structures of the Gothic Church, mainly the vault. (Athena Publications, 1996) They are usually attached to walls and act as a support to the vaults of the Gothic buildings. To some extent, they provide more spacious ceiling appearance. Even if Gothic Architecture has a certain specific style, several styles of it emanated depending on a specific geographical domain. All of them are relatively the same, however, the French, Italian and English Gothic Architectural design asserted their own identity. France is considered to be the birthplace of this architectural movement. At the same time, there was a strong

Saudi Arabia's political future in the region Research Paper

Saudi Arabia's political future in the region - Research Paper Example There have been a number of uprisings which in actual fact led to the brining down of 3 Arab leaders, whereas others have been threatened and introduced to a whole new historic period of transformation (Agence France Press 56). These events painted one of the significant features of modern Arab societies which include their huge and growing youth populations. Studies have been undertaken from time to time, indicating the extent which the youth in Arab countries influence the political, social and economic future of the Arab countries (Alexander 87). This is what forms basis in this paper, Saudi Arabia’s Political future in the region. On the other hand, the events of the precedent historical developments in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Bahrain, Syria, Yemen, Morocco and even Oman highlight the advancing position of the youth in shaping the future of this region (Alexander 96). It is therefore evident that Saudi Arabia is facing the Arab Awakening which is strong enough to shift the regions political central force from an old generation of dictators to a new and young generation of democratic leaders. And without warning, the youth of Saudi Arabia are in the fore front more than willing to shape and change the political future of their own country. It is evident that the young people and the entire population of old people in Saudi express a lot of patriotism for King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz for the reason that he is largely perceived as a religious, compassionately and a person who has good interests for the people of Saudi at heart (Schanzer 111). A large number of King Abdulaziz subjects show admiration to his reformist standpoint for instance in various fields like education and the rights of women. Whereas the good regards may not go further than to everybody in the administrative royal family, the political framework of Saudi obtains prevalent and well known authority among Saudis which includes the youth. In March 2011, a call on social media for Saudiâ⠂¬â„¢s â€Å"Day of Rage† was evident. As a matter of fact, this occurred several weeks subsequent to the Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak had been thrown out and anxiety in the region was becoming apparent (Alexander 96). However, on the day that the rage was to take center stage, journalists in Riyadh were able to capture only one protestor in the town of five million people. In the real sense there are a number of reasons behind this evident change of mind or lack of interest in the rage anymore. Firstly, there was an intensive police presence which entailed use of helicopters in the Riyadh streets that particular day. Secondly, the government is known to deal severely with those who resist its injunctions or go against/criticize its rules further subjecting them to illogical arrest and long-serving detention (Lynch 43). For instance the â€Å"Day of Rage’s single protester, a forty year old teacher Khalid Al Johani was put to detention moments subsequent to his pu blic declaration to journalists that Saudi Arabia is a â€Å"police state†. Several months soon after, Al Johani was jailed with no charges 4 months (Lynch 43). On the other hand a cluster of a dozen reformist and activists in Jeddah who were deliberating on coming up with a political party, that is prohibited in the Kingdom, were lately sentenced to long serving prison terms of up to thirty years subsequent to undisclosed trial charges,

Key Elements Of Information System Information Technology Essay

Key Elements Of Information System Information Technology Essay The task has been assigned to me by my college which is the ABP awarding body certification requirement. I have completed the assignment after a thorough study of various sources such as books, journals and websites. OBJECTIVES: Describe the concept of Information Based System in organization. Describe how Information System works in organization. Describe the various types of Information Systems by breath of support. Identify the major Informational Systems that support each organisational level. Literature Review: 1) Information: Any raw data that is organized and verified to be accurate and timely for any purpose and presented within a context that gave it meaning and relevance and it leads to increase in understanding and decrease uncertainty. 1.1) Information System: When people utilize information or organizations by using technologies gather, process, store, use and disseminate information uses. Information System (IS) is a system that gave the information necessary for managers and management to run an organization effectively. IS and the information it gives are essential components of reasonable business decisions. Information industries help in providing growth in most economies of business. Every organization achieved it success on the bases of there information system. Due to change in technology and globalization of markets many industries are now trying to develop and improve there information system because they emphasizes on there information. Information system is not just a computer system but information and communication technology play a vital role in helping the organization to fulfill it needs. Information system refers to the system of people, data and activities both computer-based and manual that effectively gathers, process store and disseminate organization information. It is important to maintain the information system in organization and adopt new approaches for improvement in the development, use and reviews of IS system with in the organization must be an ongoing process of both bank management and OCC examiners. Every IS have clearly defined framework of guidelines, procedures policies and standards for different organizations. It should be fallowed by any organization for the development of its system and also to maintain and use all information where it necessary. Information System is used and viewed by all Management Levels. It helps the organization and supports them in long term strategic goals and objectives. It helps in financial accounting systems that are used to maintained control on all financial record keeping activities. Every organization should designed there Information System to achieve the following goals. Improve communication among employees. Deliver all complex and important material through out the institution. Provide a system for recording and processing information. Reduce all expanses related to labor, material and other activities. Help in achieving organization strategic goals and objective and provide direction. Organization a) Customers b) Retailers c) Employers Technology Websites Internets Collaborative Planning softwareà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s Management a) Develop growth b) Strategy c) Monitor services d) Level and cost Information System a) Customize Products b) Interact with customer c) Exchange ideas and reports d) Coordinate production with sales Business Solutions Increase customer services Increase revenues Reduce cost Business Challenges Mature Industry Inefficient Process Information System provides help and facts for decision making which support and improves overall decision making process. Information System also improves job performance through out the organization. It also provides help to all level of management. It gives the data and information and helps the management in making strategic decisions. It helps the organization in all activities to monitor, control and distributes information to all employees, customers. Effective Information system gives up-to-date presentation formats and time frames required by all management levels. Information System can be maintained manual or automated or both combine. Effective deliveries of an organization products and services are supported by Information system. These systems be accessible and used at all level of management and organization. Information System is also helpful in over all risk management strategy. Information system also help the organization to keep control, measure, monitor, recognize and manages all the activates, risk and Limits. Risk Management has four key elements. Policies or practices. Operational Processes Staff Management. Feed back Devices. Information system should be both operational and informational. So that management can use it to measure performance, manage resources and help organization with regulatory requirements. Information system also used to provide effective risk control which helps to maintain proper management and minimize risk through the organization. it also help the organization to make new policies help in practicing these policies provide up to date information in all operational process also help in making assignments duties and responsibilities for staff and managers. Data used in organization come from many finical records and transaction systems and proper control procedures must be setup to help in gathering relevant data and also help in correction of data. Information system organized and the data is gathered from different equipments i.e mainframes, microcomputer, minicomputer. Processing control help the system on smaller computer and pre defined and also effective as those commonly found on the larger mainframe system. The OCC fully endorses and supports placing these principles in writing to improve effective communications throughout the organization. Improving Weakness of Information System Risk. 1.2) Key Elements of Information System: To work properly and effectively the five key elements should be checked and functioned are: time lines, accuracy, consistency, completeness and relevance. Timeliness: Information system should be capable of providing distributing information to right users. Information system is capable of providing short and long reports of information. Information system also helps in processing, collecting and producing results from data. It also help in making correction, adjustments in errors found in data. Accuracy: Information System provides control checks in editing balancing. All the external internal audit programs done by organization provides the adequacy of internal control. Consistency: All the data should be process consistently and uniformly. Variations in data be collected and reported to information analyst. Because data collection and reporting process change over time management must establish procedures to allow systems changes. All the procedures should be documented, willdefind and clearly communicated to all related employees and should include proper effective monitoring system. Completeness: All the data and information provided by information system to management level should be complete and checked by all accepts. Relevance: All the information must be relevant to organization objectives and strategies. Information that is unnecessary or too detailed should be sorted out. 2) Information System as Bridge: Information system provides us bridge between management information science and computer science. Computer science provides information technology software. Information system brings all human activities and information technology to one place and it provides communication link between these two worlds. The system well serves the people and organization by using all the IT capabilities. To run this system properly it requires specialist people having knowledge of both computer world and organization and the people who using these systems. All the system should work with in the contexts of organization, management and the information society. To build a bridge like this between the information organization and people we need skills in programming, computer architecture and networks. Also we need techniques for information system analysis design by using all advance data base design methods and related professional and legal knowledge. 3) Level Types of Information Systems: Every business has different information system needs. It also depends upon different levels in organization. Three key information systems are Transaction processing system Management Information System Decision Support Systems The importance of information is different on different level of management. The information can categorise as strategic, managerial and operational information. The information used by senior management for decision making is Strategic information. The lower levels in the organization do not require this information. The information systems that gave information for decision is known as Decision Support Systems. Figure Relation of information systems to levels of organization The information used by the middle line of management is known as managerial information. The information used by middle line management help in making short-term decisions and plans for the organization. Information likes sales analysis or production details for the whole year. Information system is now days the necessity of all organizations to fulfil all the managerial activates. Due to its Importance, most of the big organizations have separate IS departments. Whose duty is to watch the use and proper functioning of the system. For daily and short term information we need third level of information. It help the operational level to carry out day to day operational activates. it also help in attendance record of employees. Information System gives information for processing transaction of the organization, that type of information system is known as Transaction Processing System or Data Processing System. For example information provided by such systems are processing of orders, evaluating overdue purchaser orders of marketing and sales departments.. 3. a) Transaction Processing Systems: Transaction Processing System the organization in there business transaction process. Any activity of the organizations can be called Transaction. Every organization has different transaction. For example, take a airline reservation system. Booking, cancelling, etc are all transactions. However, there are some transactions, which are common to almost all organizations. These include calculation, storage and retrieval. Speed and accuracy, can be achieved by TPS and can be programmed to follow routines functions of the organization. 3. b) Information System: Management takes help in solving problems and making decisions from it. They use transaction processing information and all relevant information also. It process queries as quickly as they arrive. An important element of IS is database. A database is a collection of data items that can be processed through application programs and available to many users. 3. c) Decision Support System: These systems help senior management in making long term decisions. With the help of this systems we can handle unstructured or semi structured both decisions. A decision will be unstructured if there are no clear procedures for making the decision. A decision support system must be easy to operate and also it should be flexible for all users so that they can produce reports by giving data and it should be format according to the situation explained. 4) Level of Management System: 4 .a) Operational-level Management System: This system helps the operational managers by keeping track of the all necessary activities and transactions of the organization. This system is answerable for the routine questions. It provides help in sales, receipts, cash deposits, payroll, credit decisions, and flow of materials. 4 .b) Knowledge-level Management System: Support knowledge and data workers in an organisation. The reason of these systems is to help the organisation discover, organise and integrate new and existing knowledge in to the business, and to help control the flow of paperwork. These systems, especially in the form of collaboration tools, workstations, and office systems, are the fastest growing applications in business today. 4 .c) Management-level Systems: At this level it helps in monitoring, controlling, decision-making, and administrative activities of middle managers. We can get periodic reports rather then information on operation. it also helps in non-routine decision-making, focusing on less-structured decisions for which information requirements are not always clear. 4 .d) Strategic-level Management System: Help senior management how to keep control and tack actions on strategic issues and long-term trends, wither it in the organization or related to external environment. Main reason is to use organisational capability with the changes, and opportunities, occurring in the medium to long term in the external environment. An organisation must have operational, knowledge, management and strategic level systems for each functional area within the organisation. This would be based on the management model adopted by the organisation, so, while the most commonly-adopted systems structure would simply follow the standard functional model, structures reflecting bureaucratic, product and matrix models are also possible. As identified before, enterprise level information systems attempt to encompass the whole organisation in one system. Type of systems Executive support System (ESS) Strategic- Level System 5 years Sales trend forecasting 5 years Operation Plan 5 years Budget forecasting Profit Planning Man power Planning Management Information system (MIS) Decision Support System (DSS) Management Level System Sales Management Inventory control Annual Budgeting Capital investment Analysis Relocation analysis Salas region Analysis Production Scheduling Cost analysis Pricing/Profitability Analysis Contract cost Analysing Knowledge work system (KWS) Office Automation System (OAS) Knowledge Level System Engineering Workstation Graphic work station Managerial Workstation Word Processing Document Imaging Electronic Calendar Transaction processing System (TPS) Operation Level System Machine Control Security Trading Payroll Compensation Order Tracking Plant Scheduling Acc Payable Training Development Order Processing Material Movement Control Cash Management Acc Receivable Employee record Keeping Sales marketing Manufacturing Finance Accounting Human Resource Characteristic Of Information Processing System Type of System Information Inputs Processing Information Outputs Users ESS Aggregate data: Internal, external Graphics; simulations; interactive Projections; responses to queries Senior managers DSS Low Volume data or massive database optimised for data analysis; analytic models and data tools Interactive; simulations, analysis Special reports; decision analysis response to queries Professionals; staff Manager MIS Summary transaction data; high-volume data; simple models Routine reports; Simple models; low-level analysis Summary exception reports Middle managers KWS Design specifications Knowledge base Modelling; simulations Models; graphics Professionals Technical staff OAS Documents Schedules |Document management; Scheduling Communication Documents; schedules; mails Clerical Workers TPS Transactions events Sorting; Listing; Merging; Updating Detailed reports; lists; summaries Operations personnel supervisors 5) Working of Management Systems 5.a) Operational-level Management Transaction-Processing Systems: Basic business system Perform daily routine transactions necessary for business functions. All the tasks, resources and goals are highly structured at operational level. Generally, five functional categories are identified, as shown in the diagram. Type of TPS System Sales/Marketing System Manufacturing/Production Systems Finance/Accounting system Human Resource System Other Types(e.g. , University) Major Functions of System Sales Management Market research Promotion Pricing New Products Scheduling Purchasing Shipping/receiving Engineering Operations Budgeting General Ledger Billing Cost accounting Personal records Benefits Compensation Labour relations Training Admissions Grade records Course records Alumni Major application Systems Sales order information system Market research system Pricing system Materials resource Planning systems Purchase order Control Systems Engineering Systems Quality Control System General ledger Acc Receivables/Payable Budgeting Funds management systems Payroll Employee records Benefit system Career Path system Registration System, Student Transcript System, Curriculum Class control System, Alumni benefactor system 5 .b) Knowledge-level Management Office Automation Systems: Targeted at meeting the knowledge needs of data workers within the organisation Data workers tend to process rather than create information. Primarily involved in information use, manipulation or dissemination. Typical OAS handle and manage documents, scheduling and communication. Knowledge Work Systems: Targeted at meeting the knowledge needs of knowledge workers within the organisation In general, knowledge workers hold degree-level professional qualifications (e.g. engineers, scientists, lawyers), their jobs consist primarily in creating new information and knowledge 5 .c) Management-level Systems Management Information Systems: Typically these systems focus entirely on internal events, providing the information for short-term planning and decision making. MIS summarise and report on the basic operations of the organisation, dependent on the underlying TPS for their data. Transaction Processing System Order file Production Master File Accounting File Order processing System Material resource planning system Genera Ledger System Management Information System Manager MIS Files Sales Data Unit Product Cost |Data Product Change Data Expanses Data MIS Report 5 .d) Strategic-level Management Decision-Support Systems: As MIS, these serve the needs of the management level of the organisation Focus on helping managers make decisions that are semi-structured, unique, or rapidly changing, and not easily specified in advance Use internal information from TPS and MIS, but also information from external sources Must provide user-friendly, interactive tools. Fuel consumption cost file Port Expenses File Ship Charter Hire History Cost File Port distance Restriction File Ship File (e.g speed capacity) Analytical Model Data Base PC Graphics Reports Executive Support Information Systems: Serve the strategic level of the organisation It provides generalised computing and communications environment, rather than providing any fixed application or specific capability. Such systems are not designed to solve specific problems, but to tackle a changing array of problems It is structured to incorporate data about external events, such as new tax laws or competitors, and also draw summarised information from internal MIS and DSS These systems filter, compress, and track critical data, emphasising the reduction of time and effort required to obtain information useful to executive management It employ advanced graphics software to provide highly visual and easy-to-use representations of complex information and current trends, but they tend not to provide analytical models Knowledge System (KW|S OAS) Management System (MIS) Transaction Processing System (TPS) Management System (DSS) Executive Support System (ESS) Inter-relationships and inter-dependencies between IS types Success Story of one of organization (Air Asia) Using Information System Air Asia Airline Company that entered a formerly hunting market with great success. Ticket less travel Automation with IT Reduced costs Improved service Air Asia developed open skies software to automate ticket handling to Avoids travel agents and their fees Uses reservation agents who work from home using VoIP Encourages internet flight booking by customers Maintenance information system used to log airplane parts and time cycles for replacement Air Asia used innovative technique for routing airplanes Does not use hub and spokes method only point to point. Takes most profitable route between cities. Keeping flight manuals on laptop computers allows for paperless cockpits. Saves pre-flight time associated with calculating weight of plane (annual savings of 4800 hours). Information System Helps Air Asia offer Better Services. Safety First: Partnering with worldà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s most renowned maintenance providers and complying with the world airline operations. High Aircraft Utilization: Implementing the regions fastest turn around time at only 25 minutes, assuring lower costs and higher productivity. Low Fare, No Frills: Providing guests with the choice of customizing services without compromising on quality and services. Streamline operations: Making sure that processes are as simple as possible. Point-to-Point Network: Applying the point-to-point network keeps operations simple and cost low. 7) Conclusions: Every organization run on it strategies. And strategies make by management on the basis of the information they have. So I think if the organization have strong information system and it have up-to-date information then the strategies which they are going to make for future will be perfect and it will gave the organization competitive edge in market and on it competitors

Norma Rae Essays -- Labor Analysis Film Movie Rae Essays

Norma Rae   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This film is based on the real life story of Crystal Lee Sutton and her involvement with Ruben Warshovsky and the organization of the textile workers at the J.P. Stevens Company in Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina (Labor Films). Sally Field plays the lead role of Norma Rae (Crystal Lee Sutton) fighting poor working conditions at O. P. Henley Company in 1978. This company is a southern textile mill, working with a union organizer to overcome pressure from management, implied dangers, and the struggle to organize her fellow employees. Although, the film is very entertaining, there are many examples of labor and management interactions including unfair labor practices by management, unfair labor practices by the union, and the procedural process of unionization process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Norma Rae a loom operator in the weaving room is an outspoken individual and is very out spoken about her poor working conditions such as excessive noise, long hours with short breaks, physical stress from standing for long periods and abnormally high temperatures in the work areas. Added to all this is management ¡Ã‚ ¦s apathy for the working conditions, as seen when her mother looses her hearing temporarily with little or no sentiment from the company doctor, who knows this is a common problem for the workers. With this setting, the film progresses through most of the stages for employee organization. While management tries to get the workers support to keep the union out, and labor struggles to get a foothold to develop worker unity and get the union elected as the official bargaining agent both sides violate federal laws or come precariously close. First the Unfair Labor Practices (ULP) of the union will be examined.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After reviewing the film a rather short list of union ULP ¡Ã‚ ¦s, but they are potentially damaging and could be used by management to contest the outcome of the election if so desired. One committed by labor representative, the other by Norma Rae and are summarized as follows. During an authorized plant inspection by Ruben Warshovsky, part of the unionization campaign, the union representative would stop and address employees  ¡Ã‚ §Hello, I am Ruben Warshovsky from the United Textiles Workers Union of America, ¡Ã‚ ¨ or some other greeting identifying himself as a union representative while traveling through the plant. Management threatened to get an injunc... ...in the film the results were announced immediately and the union had won. After the votes are counted either labor or management could file to have the results overturned based on violations of the other party or challenges the vote count due to ineligible voters. Barrick  ¡V 7   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion there were violations of the Unfair Labor Practice laws committed by both parties during the organization process, which were identified in the film. I have identified two committed by labor representatives, not particularly grievous, but significant enough that ULP ¡Ã‚ ¦ violations could be filed. Based on the violations committed by labor, I do not think there would be any ruling by the NLRB that would affect the election results. If the election had gone the other way I could not say the same for the violations that were committed by management. The film depicted many aspects of the union organization process including the interactions of all parties involved. The organization process is more detailed than what was shown, but the general ideas of most of the major steps were accurate. Those steps that were not shown were invisible to the film but not the formal organizational process.

PEST Analysis (Political, Economic, Social & Technical Analysis) Essay

PEST Analysis (Political, Economic, Social & Technical Analysis) A PEST analysis (also sometimes called STEP, STEEP or PESTLE analysis) looks at the external business environment. In fact, it would be better to call this kind of analysis a business environmental analysis but the acronym PEST is easy to remember and so has stuck. PEST stands for Political, Economic, Sociocultural and Technological. (Technological factors in this case, include ecological and environmental aspects - the second E in STEEP and PESTLE, while the L in PESTLE stands for legal). The analysis examines the impact of each of these factors (and their interplay with each other) on the business. The results can then be used to take advantage of opportunities and to make contingency plans for threats when preparing business and strategic plans. You need to consider each PEST factor as they all play a part in determining your overall business environment. Thus, when looking at political factors you should consider the impact of any political or legislative changes that could affect your business. If you are operating in more than one country then you will need to look at each country in turn. Political factors include aspects such as laws on maternity rights, data protection and even environmental policy: these three examples alone have an on impact employment terms, information access, product specification and business processes in many businesses globally. Obviously politicians don't operate in a vacuum...

Dijkstra Paper

(A Look Back at) Go To Statement Considered Harmful Edsger Dijkstra wrote a Letter to the Editor of Communications in 1968, criticizing the excessive use of the go to statement in programming languages. Instead, he encouraged his fellow computer scientists to consider structured programming. The letter, originally entitled â€Å"A Case Against the Goto Statement,† was published in the March 1968 issue under the headline â€Å"Go To Statement Considered Harmful. † It would become the most legendary CACM â€Å"Letter† of all time; â€Å"Considered Harmful† would develop into an iconic catch-all.Dijkstra’s comments sparked an editorial debate that spanned these pages for over 20 years. In honor of the occasion, we republish here the original letter that started it all. Editor: For a number of years I have been familiar with the observation that the quality of programmers is a decreasing function of the density of go to statements in the programs they p roduce. More recently I discovered why the use of the go to statement has such disastrous effects, and I became convinced that the go to statement should be abolished from all â€Å"higher level† programming languages (i. e. verything except, perhaps, plain machine code). At that time I did not attach too much importance to this discovery; I now submit my considerations for publication because in very recent discussions in which the subject turned up, I have been urged to do so. My first remark is that, although the programmer’s activity ends when he has constructed a correct program, the process taking place under control of his program is the true subject matter of his activity, for it is this process that has to accomplish the desired effect; it is this process that in its dynamic behavior has to satisfy the desired specifications.Yet, once the program has been made, the â€Å"making† of the corresponding process is delegated to the machine. My second remark is that our intellectual powers are rather geared to master static relations and that our powers to visualize processes evolving in time are relatively poorly developed. For that reason we should do (as wise programmers aware of our limitations) our utmost to shorten the conceptual gap between the static program and the dynamic process, to make the correspondence between the program (spread out in text space) and the process (spread out in time) as trivial as possible.Let us now consider how we can characterize the progress of a process. (You may think about this question in a very concrete manner: suppose that a process, considered as a time succession of actions, is stopped after an arbitrary action, what data do we have to fix in order that we can redo the process until the very same point? ) If the program text is a pure concatenation of, say, assignment statements (for the purpose of this discussion regarded as the descriptions of single actions) it is sufficient to point in th e program text to a point between two successive action descriptions. In the absence of go to statements I can permit myself the syntactic ambiguity in the last three words of the previous sentence: if we parse them as â€Å"successive (action descriptions) â€Å"we mean successive in text space; if we parse as â€Å"(successive action) descriptions† we mean successive in time. ) Let us 7 PAUL WATSON COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM January 2008/Vol. 51, No. 1 Forum call such a pointer to a suitable place in the text a â€Å"textual index. † When we include conditional clauses (if B then A), alternative clauses (if B then A1 else A2), choice clauses as introduced by C.A. R. Hoare (case[i] of (A1, A2, †¦ , An)), or conditional expressions as introduced by J. McCarthy (B1__ >E1, B2 __ E2, †¦ , Bn __ > > En), the fact remains that the progress of the process remains characterized by a single textual index. As soon as we include in our language procedures we must admi t that a single textual index is no longer sufficient. In the case that a textual index points to the interior of a procedure body the dynamic progress is only characterized when we also give to which call of the procedure we refer.With the inclusion of procedures we can characterize the progress of the process via a sequence of textual indices, the length of this sequence being equal to the dynamic depth of procedure calling. Let us now consider repetition clauses (like, while B repeat A or repeat A until B). Logically speaking, such clauses are now superfluous, because we can express repetition with the aid of recursive procedures. For reasons of realism I don’t wish to exclude them: on the one hand, repetition clauses can be implemented quite comfortably with present day finite equipment; on the other hand, the reasoning pattern known as â€Å"induction† makes us well quipped to retain our intellectual grasp on the processes generated by repetition clauses. With the inclusion of the repetition clauses 8 textual indices are no longer sufficient to describe the dynamic progress of the process. With each entry into a repetition clause, however, we can associate a socalled â€Å"dynamic index,† inexorably counting the ordinal number of the corresponding current repetition. As repetition clauses (just as procedure calls) may be applied nestedly, we find that now the progress of the process can always be uniquely characterized by a (mixed) sequence of textual and/or dynamic indices.The main point is that the values of these indices are outside programmer’s control; they are generated (either by the write-up of his program or by the dynamic evolution of the process) whether he wishes or not. They provide independent coordinates in which to describe the progress of the process. Why do we need such independent coordinates? The reason is—and this seems to be inherent to sequential processes—that we can interpret the value of a variable only with respect to the progress of the process.If we wish to count the number, n say, of people in an initially empty room, we can achieve this by increasing n by one whenever we see someone entering the room. In the inbetween moment that we have observed someone entering the room but have not yet performed the subsequent increase of n, its value equals the number of people in the room minus one! The unbridled use of the go to statement has an immediate consequence that it becomes terribly hard to find a meaningful set of coordinates in which to describe he process progress. Usually, people take into account as well the values of some well chosen variables, but this is out of the question because it is relative to the progress that the meaning of these values is to be understood! With the go to statement one can, of course, still describe the progress uniquely by a counter counting the number of actions performed since program start (viz. a kind of normalized clock). Th e difficulty is that such a coordinate, although unique, is utterly unhelpful.In such a coordinate system it becomes an extremely complicated affair to define all those points of progress where, say, n equals the number of persons in the room minus one! The go to statement as it stands is just too primitive; it is too much an invitation to make a mess of one’s program. One can regard and appreciate the clauses considered as bridling its use. I do not claim that the clauses mentioned are exhaustive in the sense that they will satisfy all needs, but whatever clauses are suggested (e. g. bortion clauses) they should satisfy the requirement that a programmer independent coordinate system can be maintained to describe the process in a helpful and manageable way. It is hard to end this with a fair acknowledgment. Am I to judge by whom my thinking has been influenced? It is fairly obvious that I am not uninfluenced by Peter Landin and Christopher Strachey. Finally I should like to r ecord (as I remember it quite distinctly) how Heinz Zemanek at the pre-ALGOL meeting in early 1959 in Copenhagen quite explic- January 2008/Vol. 1, No. 1 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM itly expressed his doubts whether the go to statement should be treated on equal syntactic footing with the assignment statement. To a modest extent I blame myself for not having then drawn the consequences of his remark. The remark about the undesirability of the go to statement is far from new. I remember having read the explicit recommendation to restrict the use of the go to statement to alarm exits, but I have not been able to trace it; presumably, it has been made by C. A. R. Hoare. In [1, Sec. 3. . 1. ] Wirth and Hoare together make a remark in the same direction in motivating the case construction: â€Å"Like the conditional, it mirrors the dynamic structure of a program more clearly than go to statements and switches, and it eliminates the need for introducing a large number of labels in the prog ram. † In [2] Guiseppe Jacopini seems to have proved the (logical) superfluousness of the go to statement. The exercise to translate an arbitrary flow diagram more or less mechanically into a jumpless one, however, is not to be recommended.Then the resulting flow diagram cannot be expected to be more transparent than the original one. REFERENCES 1. Wirth, Niklaus, and Hoare, C. A. R. A contribution to the development of ALGOL. Comm. ACM 9 (June 1966), 413–432. 2. Bohn, Corrado, and Jacopini, Guiseppe. Flow Diagrams, Turing machines and languages with only two formation rules. Comm. ACM 9 (May 1966) 366–371. Coming Next Month in COMMUNICATIONS Alternate Reality Gaming IT Diffusion in Developing Countries Are People Biased in their Use of Search Engines?The Factors that Affect Knowledge-Sharing Behavior Alternative Scenarios to the â€Å"Banner† Years Municipal Broadband Wireless Networks The Myths and Truths about Wireless Security Managing Large Collection s of Data Mining Models Women and Men in IT: Alike or Different? EDSGER W. DIJKSTRA Technological University Eindhoven, The Netherlands Communications of the ACM March 1968, Vol. 11, No. 3, pg 147 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM January 2008/Vol. 51, No. 1 9